============================================================= Interesting directories on vestavia.cis.uab.edu machine ============================================================= Some of other servers don't have access to some of the following directories so vestavia (or tattnall) seems to be the right choice /tmp - you can put some stuffs here to exchange data with others Yet please don't abuse the freedom /mz/webfiles/ugrads/your_username /mz/webfiles/grads/your_username the directory for your school web site the default main page is index.html ugrads is for undergrads and grads for grads of course and then you can look up the page on the net at http://www.cis.uab.edu/info/ugrads/your_username/ or simply, http://www.cis.uab.edu/your_username/ /mz/webfiles/dept/courses/course_name the directory for the class you are teaching (or TAing) you can look up the page on the net at http://www.cis.uab.edu/info/dept/courses/course_name ============================================================= UNIX Commands for XWindows ============================================================= acroread - to open up a pdf file using the acrobat reader acroread filename.pdf (or just type acroread) netscape - runs netscape browser ============================================================= UNIX Commands for LATEX ============================================================= bibtex - to compile bib file combined with tex file bibtex filename note : no file extension (bib). execute latex command before this command to generate dvi file. need to execute latex commands couple of times after executing this command to make the changes effective therefore the correct sequence of the commands would look like : latex a.tex bibtex a latex a.tex latex a.tex latex - to compile tex file to generate dvi file latex filename.tex dvips - to compile dvi file to generate ps (postscript) file dvips -o a.ps a.dvi ps2pdf - to generate pdf file from ps file ps2pdf a.ps a.pdf spelltex - to spellcheck a tex file ~bryant/spelltex a note : as you might have noticed it is one of neat scripts from Dr. Bryant. no file extension (tex). For more helps on latex commands check out these links : http://www.iam.ubc.ca/~newbury/tex/title.html#contents http://www.emerson.emory.edu/services/latex/latex_toc.html If you are a newbie for LaTex, you may want to check out my tutorial on LaTex as well. http://www.cis.uab.edu/info/grads/leebs/latex.html ============================================================== UNIX Basic Commands Reference ============================================================== The commands I use mostly : cd, ls, exit, cp, mkdir, rm, !!, pine, chmod, cat, lp (lpq, lprm), passwd, which, finger, telnet !! - copy of the previous command e.g. > ls > !! -l => this is the same as ls -l apropos, man - find reference pages by keyword ( see also man ) apropos keyword man -k keyword man -k compress bg - runs job in the background ( see also jobs and fg ) bg [job_id ...] bg %3 cat - concatenated or displays files (like the DOS/VMS type command) ( see also more, less ) cat [-n] file ... -n Displays output lines preceded by a line number cat ~/.cshrc /etc/motd cc, gcc - Digital UNIX and Gnu C compilers ( see also make ) cc [-c] [-Ipath] [-llibrary] [-Lpath] [-o output-file] [ [-g[number]] | [-O[number]] ] file gcc [-c] [-Ipath] [-llibrary] [-Lpath] [-o output-file] [-g] [-O[number]] file -c compile only -Ipath include file path -llibrary special library to link in -Lpath path of libraries to link in -o output-file output file name -O[number] compiler optimization level -g[number] include debugging support gcc -O3 -g -lmath -o prog1 prog1.c cd - changes the current directory ( like DOS cd or VMS "set default" commands ) ( see also pwd ) cd [directory] clear - clears the terminal screen ( like DOS cls ) clear chmod - changes file and directory permission codes ( see also ls ) (like VMS "set file/prot" ) chmod [-fR] +permission | -permission | =[permission] ... file ... | directory ... chmod [-fR] absolute-mode file ... | directory ... -f forces no reporting of errors -R recursively sets the permission code on each file and directory in the specified directory chmod go-rx directory3 chmod 700 directory3 compress, uncompress, zcat - compresses and uncompresses data in .Z format ( see also gzip, gunzip ) compress [file ...] uncompress [file ...] zcat [file ...] compress doc2.ps uncompress doc2.ps.Z cp - copies files ( like DOS/VMS copy commands ) ( see also mv ) cp [-fip] source-file destination-file cp [-fip] source-file destination-directory cp [-fip] [-R] [source-file | source-directory] ... destination-directory -f forces no reporting of errors -i interactively asks your permission when the cp command will overwrite an existing file. -p preserves file last modification date, permissions, owner, group, etc. -R recursively copies the directory and the sub-tree to the new location cxx, g++ - Digital UNIX and Gnu C++ compilers ( see also make ) cxx [-c] [-Ipath] [-llibrary] [-Lpath] [-o output-file] [ [-g[number]] | [-O[number]] ] file g++ [-c] [-g] [-Ipath] [-llibrary] [-Lpath] [-o output-file] [-O[number]] file -c compile only -Ipath include file path -llibrary special library to link in -Lpath path of libraries to link in -o output-file output file name -O[number] compiler optimization level -g[number] include debugging support cxx -o prog4 prog4.cc g++ -o prog4 prog4.cxx cxx -c prog4.C ; cxx -o prog4 prog4.o date - displays the current system date and time date df - displays statistics on free disk space ( see also du ) df [-k] [file | filesystem ...] -k reports statistics in kilobytes, rather than 512-bye blocks diff - compares text files ( like VMS diff commands ) diff [-biw] file1 file2 diff [-biw] directory1 directory2 -b ignores trailing spaces and tabs and considered all other blank space identical -i ignores the case of letters -w ignores spaces and tabs diff version1.c version2.c du - displays a summary of disk usage ( see also df ) du [ -a | -s ] [-k] [file ...] [directory ...] -a displays the block sizes of files in the specified directory tree -k display in kilobytes, rather than 512-byte blocks -s only display the total number of blocks used du -k /public/courses ~ emacs - an advanced programmers editor ( see also pico and vi ) emacs [ files ...] exit - causes the shell to exit ( like VMS logout or lo ) exit fg or %job_id - brings jobs into the foreground ( see also jobs and bg ) fg [job_id ...] fg %3 file - determines the type of file file file ... file /etc ~/* find - finds filenames matching an expression find begin_pathname ... expression find /public/courses -name "*.cxx" -print finger - displays user information finger [[user]@hostname] finger @aurora finger grant@primus.cstp.umkc.edu fortune - fortune cookie program ( have fun! ) fortune ftp - transfers a file between a local and remote host ftp [host] grep - searches a file for a pattern ( like VMS grep or search ) grep [ -c | -l ] [-iv] pattern [file ...] -c displays a count of matching lines -i ignores case of pattern -l list only the name of the files that contains the pattern -v display everything except the pattern grep cout /public/courses/cs101/*.[ch]* groups - displays groups to which you belong groups [user] gzip, gunzip - compress and decompress .gz and .Z files ( see also compress, uncompress, and zcat ) gzip [ file ... ] gunzip [ file ... ] gzip paper2.ps gunzip paper2.ps.gz head - displays the beginning of a file ( see also tail and more, less ) head [-count] [file ...] -count specifies the number of lines to display other than the default of 10 head -3 /etc/inetd.conf ispell, spell - spell checking programs ispell [ file ...] spell [file ...] jobs - displays information about jobs ( like VMS "show que/batch" ) ( see also fg and bg ) jobs [ -l] [job_id ...] -l also prints the process id numbers of the jobs kill - sends a message to, and often stops, a running process ( like VMS "stop/id=" ) ( see also ps and jobs ) kill [-signal-name | -signal-number] process-id ... kill -l -l lists signal names kill 13405 kill -HUP 45034 lpq, lpstat - displays information about files queued to printers ( likeVMS "show que/printer" ) lpq [+[number]] [-l] [-Pprinter-name] [request-id] [user ...] lpstat [-p printer-name ...] +[number] displays the spooled print requests until queue is empty -l displays information about each file in the print queue -Pprinter-name only show files in printer-name queue -p printer-name only show files in printer-name queue lpr, lp - sends files to the printer queue for printing ( like VMS print ) (see also lpstat and lprm, cancel ) lpr [ options ] [-Pprinter-name] [file ...] lp [options] [-d printer-name] [file ...] -Pprinter-name specifies a print queue other than the default -d printer-name specifies a print queue other than the default lpr -P lw202a prog3.cxx lp -d lw202a prog3.cxx lprm, cancel - removes a print job from the printer queue ( like VMS "delete/entry=" ) ( see also lp ) lprm [-Pprinter-name] [-] [request-id ...] [user ...] cancel [request-id ...] printer-name ... cancel request-id ... [printer-name ...] -Pprinter-name specifies a print queue other than the default ls - lists and generates information about files ( like DOS/VMS dir ) ( see also file ) ls [-aFlR] [file ... | directory ...] -a lists all entries, including hidden entries that begin with a dot -F display a slash (/) after each directory name, an asterisk (*) after each executable file, an equals (=) after each socket file, an at (@) after each symbolic link, and a vertical bar (|) if the file is a FIFO -l displays a long listing including the mode, number of links, owner, group, size(in bytes), and time of last modification -R recursively lists all subdirectories and their contents lynx - a text-based WWW browser lynx [URL] mail - old style UNIX email utility (beginners should use modern email utilities like pine) mail [-epq] [-bhr] [-f file] mail [-d] [-r name] [-h N] user ... [< file] make - a project compilation utility make [-n] [-f makefile-file ] target -f makefile-file use a makefile other than the default one -n echoes makefile commands, but does not execute them make install man - displays reference pages ( like DOS/VMS "help command" ) ( see also whatis ) man {sections[suffix] title ...} ... man -k keyword -k locates reference pages by keyword man chmod man -k administrate maple, xmaple - a text/graphical interactive computer algebra system maple xmaple mkdir - makes a directory ( like DOS mkdir or VMS "create/dir" commands ) ( see also rmdir ) mkdir [-m mode] [-p] directory ... -m mode sets the directory’s permissions as it is created -p creates intermediate directories, as necessary mkdir -p cs101/prog1 more, less - displays a file one screenful at a time ( like VMS "type/page" ) ( see also head and tail ) more [+line-number | +/pattern] [file ...] less [-j line-number] [-p pattern] [file ...] +line-number start the display at the specified line-number -j line-number start the display at the specified line-number +/pattern start the display at the specified pattern -p pattern start the display at the specified pattern more *.cxx less *.cxx prog2.h mv - moves files and directories ( like DOS move and VMS rename commands ) ( see also cp ) mv [-i | -f ] file1 file2 mv [-i | -f ] file1 ... directory mv [-i | -f ] directory1 ... directory2 -i if a file would be overwritten, prompt for user authorization to overwrite -f forces no reporting of errors mv prog?.cxx cs101/prog1 netscape - version 1 and version 3 of Netscape’s graphical WWW browser netscape3 [URL] & netscape4 [URL] & passwd - change user’s UNIX network password ( like VMS "set password" ) passwd pico - a easy-to-use text editor ( like DOS edit and VMS edit or eve commands ) ( see also emacs and vi ) pico [ file ] pine - a program for Internet news and email ( recommended for UNIX email ) pine [address ...] ps - displays current process state ( like VMS "show/process" ) ( see also jobs and kill ) ps [-ef] [-u user ...] ps [aux] -e prints information about every process -f generate a full listing -u user display process information about the specified user a displays information about processes that are associated with a terminal u produces user oriented output x displays information about processes that are not associated with any terminal pwd - displays the pathname of the current directory ( like VMS "show default" ) ( see also cd ) pwd quota - displays disk usage and limits (like VMS quota ) ( see also du ) quota rcp - copies files between a local and a remote host rcp [-pr] source destination -p preserves file last modification date, permissions, owner, group, etc. -r recursively copies files from source rcp program.c sol:~/src rlogin, slogin - connects/securely connects the local host with a remote host ( see also rsh and telnet ) rlogin [-l user] remote-host slogin [-l user] remote-host -l user log into remote-host as the specified user, rather than the local username rlogin primus slogin -l fferfel artimis rm - removes (unlinks) files or directories ( like VMS "delete filename.type;version" ) ( see also rmdir ) rm [-fir] file ... -f forces no reporting of errors -i prompt user for permission to remove the file -r recursively deletes files in subdirectories rm -i */prog?.old rm -ir cs101 rmdir - removes a directory ( like DOS rmdir or VMS "delete directory.dir;version" ) rmdir directory ... rmdir cs101/prog1 rsh, ssh - executes/securely executes the specified command at the remote host ( see also rlogin ) rsh [-l user] remote-host [command] [argument ...] ssh [-l user] remote-host [command] [argument ...] -l user log into remote-host as the specified user, rather than the local username rsh aurora who ssh artimisl netscape3 -display aws23:0 ruptime - displays the status of hosts on the network ruptime [machine-name ...] rwho - identifies users logged in to hosts on the local network rwho [-a] [user ...] -a displays information about all users sort - sorts or merges files ( like VMS sort ) sort [-Abdfinmr] [-o output-file] ... file ... -A alphabetical sorting -b ignores leading blanks -d only spaces and alphanumeric characters are significant -f treats all lowercase as uppercase -i sorts only printable characters -n sorts any beginning numeric field -m merges only -o output-file directs output to the named file -r reverses the order of the sort sort file1.txt > file1.sorted.txt cat file1.txt | sort -rn > file1.sorted.txt tail - displays the end of a file ( see also head and more ) tail [-number[unit] [file] -number[unit] specifies the number of units to start from the end-of-file (default: 10 lines) tail -3 /var/adm/messages talk - converse with another online user ( like VMS talk or phone ) talk user[@hostname] [tty_name] talk jcurley@artimis.cstp.umkc.edu telnet - provides for logging in to a remote host ( like VMS connect or telnet ) ( see also rlogin ) telnet [-l user] [hostname] [port] -l user log into hostname as the specified user telnet primus tin - a Netnews reader ( like VMS tin ) ( see also pine ) tin [ newsgroup ... ] tree - displays subdirectories in a nice format ( like DOS tree ) tree [directory] tree /usr/local wc - counts the bytes, lines, characters, and words in a file wc [-clmw] [file ...] -c counts only bytes -l counts only lines -m counts only characters -w counts only words wc -l /etc/inetd.conf whatis - describes the command, function, or file ( see also man and which ) whatis keyword whatis more whereis - locates source, binary, and reference page files for programs ( see also which ) whereis program ... whereis zcat which - locates a program file, including aliases and paths ( see also whereis ) which program ... which ls who, w - identifies users currently logged in ( like VMS "show users") ( see also rwho ) who w write - sends messages to other users write user@node [message] * I pull out some of the above information from the internet. Thus the credit is due to the people who originally worked hard for others.